I would say that the steepest learning curve for someone new to iOS development is having to manage your own memory using reference counting. Knowing when to retain and when to autorelease can seem like a black art until you understand the conventions which is used (extremely consistently, I might add) within Objective C libraries. Let's examine one very common mistake, which I will call the Property Assignment Memory Leak. I've seen this a few times, and indeed committed this error myself during my first weeks of iOS development.

The code

Imagine we have a simple Duck class, which holds a feathers array:

@interface Duck : NSObject {
  NSArray *_feathers;
}
@property (nonatomic,retain) NSArray *feathers;
@end

@implementation Duck
@synthesize feathers=_feathers;
@end

during construction we'd like to initialize this array, so we create an init method as follows:

- (id) init
{
  self = [super init];
  if (self != nil) {
    self.feathers = [[NSArray alloc] init];
  }
  return self;
}

Of course, we need to make sure we release our ownership of the feather array during deallocation, so we'll add a dealloc method like so:

- (void)dealloc {
  self.feathers = nil;
}

The Leak

So we're good here, right? The observant reader will note that no, we're not. the feathers array which we created in our init method will never be released. This will be a little easier to explain if I refactor the init method a little, making it more verbose by introducing a local variable to hold the array we are about to assign to the self.feathers property:

- (id) init
{
  self = [super init];
  if (self != nil) {
    // alloc will always create an object with a retain count already set to 1. In other 
    // words, tempArray has ownership of the object.
    NSArray *tempArray = [[NSArray alloc] init]; 

    // assigning to self.feathers bumps the array's retain count up to 2. In other words, 
    // now the feathers property also has ownership of the object.
    self.feathers = tempArray; 
  }

  // when we return tempArray goes out of scope without ever releasing ownership of the object it created. Memory leak!
  return self;
}

To make this clearer, I'll try and illustrate what happens as we move through the Duck object's lifecycle.

While I showed the entire lifecycle for a Duck instance here I should note that the bug is in the init method, and once that method returns the damage has been done. The fact that after init returns the array instance only has 1 reference pointing to it but has a retain count of 2 is indicative of that. I wanted to show the entire lifecycle to demonstrate that the point at which a memory leak is introduced will likely be quite far away from the point where the leak is detected. This is important to know when using Instruments or some other tool to try and detect leaks at runtime.

I think that the most common cause of this particular memory leak bug is an unclear understanding of how properties work. It is hard at first glance to see how assigning an object pointer to self.foo is different than assigning that pointer to a local variable. Once you grok that that property assignment also assigns ownership, and that you already have an implied ownership by the act of calling alloc then things start to fall into place. At least, that's what happened for me.

What should we have done?

We have a range of options for correctly implementing our init method:

Use autorelease

- (id) init
{
  self = [super init];
  if (self != nil) {
    self.feathers = [[[NSArray alloc] init] autorelease];
  }
  return self;
}

Explicitly release ownership after assignment

- (id) init
{
self = [super init];
  if (self != nil) {
    NSArray *tempArray = [[NSArray alloc] init]; 
    self.feathers = tempArray;
    [tempArray release];
  }
  return self;
}

Create an array without implicitly taking ownership

- (id) init
{
  self = [super init];
  if (self != nil) {
    self.feathers = [NSArray array];
  }
  return self;
}

The first two approaches are the most common. I often see advice to use the more verbose explicit release approach, rather than autorelease, because it is more performant. Personally, I tend to optimize for developer performance at the sake of a bit of CPU performance, and prefer the autorelease approach. It's a lot less typing and more importantly I feel it makes the code a bit easier to scan through, particularly if you have a block of code with lots of property assignments.

UPDATE

After posting this I remembered there's another way we could solve this memory leak:

Assign directly to the member variable

- (id) init
{
  self = [super init];
  if (self != nil) {
    _feathers = [[NSArray alloc] init];
  }
  return self;
}

I don't really like this approach, because there's a lack of symmetry in sometimes accessing a member variable directly, but at other times via a property. Also, it encourages folk to use this approach outside of init methods. This greatly increases the likelihood of another memory management error - not releasing ownership from an existing reference before replacing that reference. Hmm, I should cover that one in a future post...